Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection. It is less commonly referred to as vaginal bacteriosis[1]. It is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection[2] (see causes below). BV is caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring bacterial flora, and should not be confused with yeast infection (candidiasis), or infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis) which are not caused by bacteria.

Symptoms and signs

The most common symptom of BV is an abnormal homogeneous white vaginal discharge (especially after sex) with an unpleasant fishy smell. This malodorous discharge coats the walls of the vagina, and is usually without irritation, pain or erythema.

By contrast, though menstrual blood does have a distinct odor[3], a normal discharge will be odorless[citation needed] and will vary in consistency and amount with the menstrual cycle. A normal discharge is at its clearest about 2 weeks before the period starts.

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

To make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, a speculum examination and subsequent swabs from high in the vagina should be obtained. These swabs should be tested for:

A characteristic "fishy" odor on wet mount. This test, called the whiff test, is performed by adding a small amount of potassium hydroxide to a microscopic slide containing the vaginal discharge. A characteristic fishy odor is considered a positive whiff test and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.
Loss of acidity. To control bacterial growth, the vagina is normally slightly acidic with a pH of 3.8–4.2. A swab of the discharge is put onto litmus paper to check its acidity. A pH greater than 4.5 is considered alkaline and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis.
The presence of clue cells on wet mount. Similar to the whiff test, the test for clue cells is performed by placing a drop of sodium chloride solution on a slide containing vaginal discharge. If present, clue cells can be visualized under a microscope. They are so-named because they give a clue to the reason behind the discharge. These are epithelial cells that are coated with bacteria.

Two positive results in addition to the discharge itself are enough to diagnose BV. If there is no discharge, then all three criteria are needed.[4] A 1990 study demonstrated that the single best test for BV was the test for clue cells on wet mount examination. The best combination of two tests for BV was the test for clue cells and the whiff test.[5]

Differential diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis includes:

Normal discharge.
Candidiasis (thrush, or a yeast infection).
Trichomoniasis, an infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.
In clinical practice

In clinical practice

BV is diagnosed using the Amsel criteria:[4]

Thin, white, yellow, homogeneous discharge
Clue cells on microscopy
pH of vaginal fluid >4.5
Release of a fishy odor on adding alkali—10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.

At least three of the four criteria should be present for a confirmed diagnosis.[2]

An alternative is to use a Gram stained vaginal smear, with the Hay/Ison[6] criteria or the Nugent[7] criteria. The Hay/Ison criteria are defined as follows: [2]

Grade 1 (Normal): Lactobacillus morphotypes predominate.
Grade 2 (Intermediate): Mixed flora with some Lactobacilli present, but Gardnerella or Mobiluncus morphotypes also present.
Grade 3 (Bacterial Vaginosis): Predominantly Gardnerella and/or Mobiluncus morphotypes. Few or absent Lactobacilli. (Hay et al., 1994)

What this technique loses in interobserver reliability, it makes up in ease and speed of use.

The standard for research are the Nugent[7] Criteria. In this scale a score of 0-10 is generated from combining three other scores. It is time consuming and requires trained staff but is has high interobserver reliability:

0–3 is considered negative for BV
4–6 is considered intermediate
7+ is considered indicative of BV.

A recent study [8] compared the gram stain using the Nugent criteria and the DNA hybridization test Affirm VPIII in diagnosing BV. The Affirm VPIII test detected Gardnerella in 107 (93.0%) of 115 vaginal specimens positive for BV diagnosed by gram stain. The Affirm VPIII test has a sensitivity of 87.7% and specificity of 96% and may be used for the rapid diagnosis of BV in symptomatic women.

Causes

A healthy vagina normally contains many microorganisms; some of the common ones are Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. Lactobacillus, particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: Lactobacillus acidophilus is not one of the species of Lactobacillus identified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, and Mycoplasma. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult.

There are a variety of causes for bacterial vaginosis. Thongs are notorious for causing bacterial vaginosis due to the cloth rubbing against the anus and vagina. Cases of bacterial vaginosis are more likely to occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. Condoms may provide some protection and there is no evidence that spermicide increases BV risk. Although BV can be associated with sexual activity, there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.[9] It is possible for virgins to get infected with bacterial vaginosis. Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the normal flora. Recent research is exploring the link between sexual partner treatment and eradication of recurrent cases of BV. Pregnant women and women with sexually transmitted infections are especially at risk for getting this infection. Bacterial vaginosis may sometimes affect women after menopause. A 2005 study by researchers at Ghent University in Belgium showed that subclinical iron deficiency (anemia) was a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women [10]. A longitudinal study published in February 2006 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis independent of other risk factors[11].

In pre-pubescent girls, bacterial vaginosis may be caused by strep, or by bacteria introduced from the anus due to improper hygiene (wiping) after bowel movements.

Complications

Although previously considered a mere nuisance infection, untreated bacterial vaginosis may cause serious complications, such as increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and may present other complications for pregnant women.[12] It has also been associated with an increase in the development of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) following surgical procedures such as a hysterectomy or an abortion.

Bacterial vaginosis Treatment

Bacterial vaginosis can be treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin, either orally or vaginally. However, there is usually a high rate of recurrence.[9]

BV is twice as common as thrush, and it is estimated that 1 in 3 women will develop the condition at some point in their lives.[13][14][15] In addition to the physical discomfort and symptoms, BV can also have a significant impact on a woman’s quality of life.

Currently, there are very few over the counter products that address bacterial vaginosis. They work after different principles:

Eliminating the unwanted bacteria. Example Tea-tree oil products, FemiGel. Same principle as the antibiotics.
Adding buffer / acid to lower the pH. RepHresh is an example.
Adding lactic bacteria. Fem-dophilus (Jarrow Formulas) is a lactobacillus product which specifically claims to help maintain healthy vaginal flora.[16]
Adding growth substrate for the beneficial lactic acid bacteria to grow and produce lactic acid [17] directly into the vagina. The natural lactic acid bacteria multiply, bringing about a healthy environment. LadyBalance is based on this principle [18].

Most of the over-the-counter products are not documented by clinical trials and support for their use is anecdotal.

Bacterial vaginosis
Campylobacter Infections Pneumonia Carcinoid Tumors Spleen Diseases Bacterial vaginosis Toxoplasmosis Meningococcal Disease Vaginal Diseases Stomach cancer Ingrown Nail Giardiasis Cardiogenic shock Scoliosis Chronic Diarrhea Urinary Tract And Bladder Infections Aortic Stenosis Mitral Valve Prolapse Colorectal cancer Liver cancer Yersinia Enterocolitica Kaposi's Sarcoma Leukemia, Adult Acute Shigellosis Sickle-cell disease Adenoviridae Coming Soon	Bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection. It is less commonly referred to as vaginal bacteriosis[1]. It is not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection[2] (see causes below). BV is caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring bacterial flora, and should not be confused with yeast infection (candidiasis), or infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis) which are not caused by bacteria. Symptoms and signs The most common symptom of BV is an abnormal homogeneous white vaginal discharge (especially after sex) with an unpleasant fishy smell. This malodorous discharge coats the walls of the vagina, and is usually without irritation, pain or erythema. By contrast, though menstrual blood does have a distinct odor[3], a normal discharge will be odorless[citation needed] and will vary in consistency and amount with the menstrual cycle. A normal discharge is at its clearest about 2 weeks before the period starts. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis To make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, a speculum examination and subsequent swabs from high in the vagina should be obtained. These swabs should be tested for: A characteristic "fishy" odor on wet mount. This test, called the whiff test, is performed by adding a small amount of potassium hydroxide to a microscopic slide containing the vaginal discharge. A characteristic fishy odor is considered a positive whiff test and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis. Loss of acidity. To control bacterial growth, the vagina is normally slightly acidic with a pH of 3.8–4.2. A swab of the discharge is put onto litmus paper to check its acidity. A pH greater than 4.5 is considered alkaline and is suggestive of bacterial vaginosis. The presence of clue cells on wet mount. Similar to the whiff test, the test for clue cells is performed by placing a drop of sodium chloride solution on a slide containing vaginal discharge. If present, clue cells can be visualized under a microscope. They are so-named because they give a clue to the reason behind the discharge. These are epithelial cells that are coated with bacteria. Two positive results in addition to the discharge itself are enough to diagnose BV. If there is no discharge, then all three criteria are needed.[4] A 1990 study demonstrated that the single best test for BV was the test for clue cells on wet mount examination. The best combination of two tests for BV was the test for clue cells and the whiff test.[5] Differential diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis includes: Normal discharge. Candidiasis (thrush, or a yeast infection). Trichomoniasis, an infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. In clinical practice In clinical practice BV is diagnosed using the Amsel criteria:[4] Thin, white, yellow, homogeneous discharge Clue cells on microscopy pH of vaginal fluid >4.5 Release of a fishy odor on adding alkali—10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. At least three of the four criteria should be present for a confirmed diagnosis.[2] An alternative is to use a Gram stained vaginal smear, with the Hay/Ison[6] criteria or the Nugent[7] criteria. The Hay/Ison criteria are defined as follows: [2] Grade 1 (Normal): Lactobacillus morphotypes predominate. Grade 2 (Intermediate): Mixed flora with some Lactobacilli present, but Gardnerella or Mobiluncus morphotypes also present. Grade 3 (Bacterial Vaginosis): Predominantly Gardnerella and/or Mobiluncus morphotypes. Few or absent Lactobacilli. (Hay et al., 1994) What this technique loses in interobserver reliability, it makes up in ease and speed of use. The standard for research are the Nugent[7] Criteria. In this scale a score of 0-10 is generated from combining three other scores. It is time consuming and requires trained staff but is has high interobserver reliability: 0–3 is considered negative for BV 4–6 is considered intermediate 7+ is considered indicative of BV. A recent study [8] compared the gram stain using the Nugent criteria and the DNA hybridization test Affirm VPIII in diagnosing BV. The Affirm VPIII test detected Gardnerella in 107 (93.0%) of 115 vaginal specimens positive for BV diagnosed by gram stain. The Affirm VPIII test has a sensitivity of 87.7% and specificity of 96% and may be used for the rapid diagnosis of BV in symptomatic women. Causes A healthy vagina normally contains many microorganisms; some of the common ones are Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. Lactobacillus, particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: Lactobacillus acidophilus is not one of the species of Lactobacillus identified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, and Mycoplasma. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult. There are a variety of causes for bacterial vaginosis. Thongs are notorious for causing bacterial vaginosis due to the cloth rubbing against the anus and vagina. Cases of bacterial vaginosis are more likely to occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. Condoms may provide some protection and there is no evidence that spermicide increases BV risk. Although BV can be associated with sexual activity, there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.[9] It is possible for virgins to get infected with bacterial vaginosis. Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the normal flora. Recent research is exploring the link between sexual partner treatment and eradication of recurrent cases of BV. Pregnant women and women with sexually transmitted infections are especially at risk for getting this infection. Bacterial vaginosis may sometimes affect women after menopause. A 2005 study by researchers at Ghent University in Belgium showed that subclinical iron deficiency (anemia) was a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women [10]. A longitudinal study published in February 2006 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis independent of other risk factors[11]. In pre-pubescent girls, bacterial vaginosis may be caused by strep, or by bacteria introduced from the anus due to improper hygiene (wiping) after bowel movements. Complications Although previously considered a mere nuisance infection, untreated bacterial vaginosis may cause serious complications, such as increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and may present other complications for pregnant women.[12] It has also been associated with an increase in the development of Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) following surgical procedures such as a hysterectomy or an abortion. Bacterial vaginosis Treatment Bacterial vaginosis can be treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin, either orally or vaginally. However, there is usually a high rate of recurrence.[9] BV is twice as common as thrush, and it is estimated that 1 in 3 women will develop the condition at some point in their lives.[13][14][15] In addition to the physical discomfort and symptoms, BV can also have a significant impact on a woman’s quality of life. Currently, there are very few over the counter products that address bacterial vaginosis. They work after different principles: Eliminating the unwanted bacteria. Example Tea-tree oil products, FemiGel. Same principle as the antibiotics. Adding buffer / acid to lower the pH. RepHresh is an example. Adding lactic bacteria. Fem-dophilus (Jarrow Formulas) is a lactobacillus product which specifically claims to help maintain healthy vaginal flora.[16] Adding growth substrate for the beneficial lactic acid bacteria to grow and produce lactic acid [17] directly into the vagina. The natural lactic acid bacteria multiply, bringing about a healthy environment. LadyBalance is based on this principle [18]. Most of the over-the-counter products are not documented by clinical trials and support for their use is anecdotal.
Copyright © 2010 http://www.analytical-emei.com